This research investigates the dynamic performance of Electro-Controlled Actuation (ECA)-integrated poppet and spool valve systems, focusing on real-time position control and response behavior under experimental conditions. The study aims to evaluate and compare the transient characteristics, stability, and controllability of both valve types when actuated through ECA mechanisms, specifically incorporating magnetorheological (MR) fluid-based actuators. Two prototype systems were developed—one utilizing a poppet configuration and the other a spool configuration—each equipped with a translational component that extends out of the MR fluid chamber to enable precise position measurement. A position sensor captures the motion of this translational piece and relays data to a digital controller, which in turn modulates the driver circuit to adjust the magnetic flux density within the actuator assembly. Results demonstrate that while both configurations benefit from ECA integration, the poppet valve exhibited faster response times due to its simpler mechanical structure, whereas the spool valve provided more stable flow control under steady-state conditions. The findings contribute valuable insights into the selection and optimization of valve types for high-performance fluid power systems, emphasizing the potential of ECA technologies in enhancing precision and adaptability.

Hydraulic powertrains play a critical role in the performance of off-road vehicles by delivering high torque and power density in demanding terrains. However, their energy efficiency remains a concern due to hydraulic losses, heat generation, and system complexity. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the optimization strategies for hydraulic powertrain components aimed at improving overall energy efficiency in off-road applications. By focusing on critical elements such as hydraulic pumps, motors, accumulators, and control valves, this study outlines how component-level design, smart control logic, and system integration can collectively minimize energy losses. Simulation-based studies and recent literature indicate that appropriate optimization techniques can reduce fuel consumption and improve system responsiveness, thereby enhancing operational sustainability. This work concludes by recommending future design paradigms involving adaptive control algorithms and hybridization with electrical systems.